Similar braille conventions are used for three languages of India and Nepal that in print are written in Devanagari script: Hindi, Marathi, and Nepali. These are part of a family of related braille alphabets known as Bharati Braille. There are apparently some differences between the Nepali braille alphabet of India and that of Nepal.

Devanagari Braille
Nagari Braille
Script type
Print basis
Devanagari
LanguagesHindi, Marathi, Nepali
Related scripts
Parent systems

System

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Although basically alphabetic, Devanagari Braille retains one aspect of Indian abugidas, in that the default vowel a is not written unless it occurs at the beginning of a word or before a vowel. For example, braille (the consonant K) renders print ka, and braille (TH), print tha. To indicate that a consonant is not followed by a vowel (as when followed by another consonant, or at the end of a syllable), a halant (vowel-cancelling) prefix is used: (∅–K) is क् k, and (∅–TH) is थ् th. (When writing in Hindi, the halant is generally omitted at the end of a word, following the convention in print.) However, unlike in an abugida, there are no vowel diacritics in Devanagari Braille: Vowels are written with full letters following the consonant regardless of their order in print. For example, in print the vowel i is prefixed to a consonant in a reduced diacritic form, कि ki, but in braille it follows in its full form: (K–I), equivalent to writing कइ for ki in print. Thus क्लिक klika is written in braille as (∅–K–L–I–K). The one time when a non-initial a is written in braille is when it is followed by another vowel. In this environment the a must be written to indicate that it exists, as otherwise the subsequent vowel will be read as following the consonant immediately. Thus a true कइ kai in print is rendered in braille as (K–A–I).

Apart from kṣ and , which each have their own braille letter, Devanagari Braille does not handle conjuncts. Print conjuncts are rendered instead with the halant in braille. Devanagari braille is thus equivalent to Grade-1 English braille, though there are plans to extend it to conjuncts.

Alphabet

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Print
ISO a ā i ī u ū e ē ai o ō au
Braille                        
Print
ISO k kh g gh ch chh j jh ñ
Braille                    
Print
ISO ṭh ḍh t th d dh n
Braille                    
Print
ISO p ph b bh m y r l v
Braille                  
Print [1] क्ष ज्ञ ड़ फ़ ज़
ISO ś s h kṣ f z
Braille                    

Not all of the letters used for Sanskrit are reported for Nepali in Nepal.

Codas

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Diacritic
(on )
क् कं कः कँ कऽ
Halant Anusvara Visarga Candrabindu Avagraha
Braille          

Pointing

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The Bharati point, , is used to derive the syllabic consonants. Long syllabic consonants are prefixed by point-6, which also transcribes the visarga.

Print ढ़[2]
ISO r̥̄ l̥̄ ṛh
Braille               

The pointing diacritic is also used for consonants that are derived with a point in print. Most of these consonants were introduced from Persian:

Print क़ ख़ ग़ श़       or       झ़
ISO qa xa ġa ža
Braille             or   

There are irregularities, however. फ़ f and ज़ z, which are found in both Persian and English loans, are transcribed with English Braille (and international) and , as shown in the chart in the previous section, while the internal allophonic developments of ड़ and ढ़ ṛh are respectively an independent letter in braille and a derivation from that letter rather than from the base letter in print.

This is also where, at least according to UNESCO (2013), Hindi Braille and Indian Urdu Braille diverge. Urdu Braille (see) has several additional derivations along these lines, which are not possible in print Devanagari. In Urdu Braille, and are assigned their English/international values of x and q, replacing and . Also, is used for ح , and (not found in Devanagari Braille) is used for ع ʿ, a role played by the letter in Devanagari Urdu but not found in Hindi.

Nepali punctuation

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Braille as used in Nepal has some mostly minor differences from that used for Nepali in India. This may extend to punctuation. The asterisk in Nepal, , differs from the used in India, unless this is a copy error in UNESCO (2013). Single quotation marks and additional brackets are noted for Nepal but not for India:

Print ‘ ... ’ [ ... ] { ... }
Braille  ...    ...     ...  

These differ from the same punctuation in Bangladesh.

Text

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The following is the sample text in the Hindi article, of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

अनुच्छेद 1 — सभी मनुष्यों को गौरव और अधिकारों के मामले में जन्मजात स्वतन्त्रता और समानता प्राप्त हैं।
उन्हें बुद्धि और अन्तरात्मा की देन प्राप्त है और परस्पर उन्हें भाईचारे के भाव से बर्ताव करना चाहिये।
Anucched 1 — Sabhī manuṣyoṃ ko gaurav aur adhikāroṃ ke māmle meṃ janmajāt svatantratā aur samāntā prāpt haiṃ.
Unheṃ buddhi aur antarātmā kī den prāpt hai aur paraspar unheṃ bhāīcāre ke bhāv se bartāv karnā cāhiye.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Found in Marathi
  2. ^ According to UNESCO (2013), this is the reading in Indian Nepali, but in Nepalese Nepali it transcribes त्र tr. There is no indication of how r is written after other consonants, but it presumably requires the halant.