Amphicynodontidae

Amphicynodontidae Temporal range: Late Eocene to Early Miocene 38–18 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Artist's restoration of Kolponomos newportensis.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Clade:	Pan-Pinnipedia
Family:	†Amphicynodontidae Simpson, 1945
Genera
†Allocyon †Amphicticeps †Amphicynodon †Drassonax †Kolponomos †Pachycynodon †Wangictis

Amphicynodontidae is a probable clade of extinct arctoids. While some researchers consider this group to be an extinct subfamily of bears,^[1] a variety of morphological evidence links amphicynodontines with pinnipeds, as the group were semi-aquatic otter-like mammals.^[2][3][4] In addition to the support of the pinniped–amphicynodontine clade, other morphological and some molecular analyses support bears being the closest living relatives to pinnipeds.^{[5][6][7][3][8][4]} According to McKenna and Bell (1997) Amphicynodontinae are classified as stem-pinnipeds in the superfamily Phocoidea.^[9] Fossils of these mammals have been found in Europe, North America and Asia.^[4] Amphicynodontines should not be confused with Amphicyonids (bear-dogs), a separate family of Carnivora which is a sister clade to arctoids within the caniforms, but which may be listed as a clade of extinct arctoids in older publications.

Systematics

• Family †Amphicynodontidae Simpson, 1945^[10]
  • †Allocyon Merriam, 1930
    • †Allocyon loganensis Merriam, 1930
  • †Amphicynodon Filhol, 1881
    • †Amphicynodon brachyrostris (Filhol, 1876)
    • †Amphicynodon cephalogalinus Teilhard, 1915
    • †Amphicynodon chardini Cirot and De Bonis, 1992
    • †Amphicynodon crassirostris (Filhol, 1876)
    • †Amphicynodon gracilis (Filhol, 1874)
    • †Amphicynodon leptorhynchus (Filhol, 1874)
    • †Amphicynodon mongoliensis Janovskaja, 1970
    • †Amphicynodon teilhardi Matthew and Granger, 1924
    • †Amphicynodon typicus Schlosser, 1888
    • †Amphicynodon velaunus (Aymard, 1846)
  • †Amphicticeps Matthew and Granger, 1924
    • †Amphicticeps dorog Wang et al., 2005
    • †Amphicticeps makhchinus Wang et al., 2005
    • †Amphicticeps shackelfordi Matthew and Granger, 1924
  • †Drassonax Galbreath, 1953
    • †Drassonax harpagops Galbreath, 1953
  • †Kolponomos Stirton, 1960
    • †Kolponomos clallamensis Stirton, 1960
    • †Kolponomos newportensis Tedford et al., 1994
  • †Pachycynodon Schlosser, 1888
    • †Pachycynodon boriei (Filhol, 1876)
    • †Pachycynodon crassirostris Schlosser, 1888
    • †Pachycynodon filholi Schlosser, 1888
    • †Pachycynodon tenuis Teilhard de Chardin, 1915
  • †Wangictis de Bonis et al., 2019
    • †Wangictis tedfordi (Wang & Qiu, 2003)

References